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Objective@#To explore the epidemiological trend of overweight and obesity, elevated blood pressure and their comorbidities in children and adolescents from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region during 2016-2021, and to analyze its association with lifestyle, so as to provide reference for formulating prevention and control strategies of regional common comorbidities in schools.@*Methods@#A total of 8 908, 8 222, 9 448, 127 068, 100 778, and 138 540 students aged 10-18 years in Inner Mongolia were selected by stratified random cluster sampling in September each year from 2016 to 2021. Physical examination and questionnaire survey were conducted on the included students. The prevalence trends of overweight，obesity, elevated blood pressure and their co-occurrence were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to compare the prevalence of elevated blood pressure in different body mass index (BMI) groups. After excluding individuals without lifestyle information in 2021, Logistic regression analysis was used on 136 374 subjects to analyze the association between overweight，obesity, elevated blood pressure and their co-occurrence and lifestyle factors.@*Results@#During 2016 to 2021, the prevalence of comorbidity of overweight, obesity with elevated blood pressure among students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were 5.04%，5.14%，4.99%，7.51%，7.60% and 9.45%， respectively . The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 26.94%, 28.07%, 29.62%, 34.19%, 36.71% and 37.53%, respectively. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure were 16.05%, 11.54%, 13.12%, 14.85%, 14.12% and 18.40%, respectively. Except for 2016, the risk of elevated blood pressure in overweight and obese people was higher than that in normal BMI group in other years, and there was a positive correlation between overweight and obesity and elevated blood pressure after gender and urban and rural areas ( P < 0.05 ). In 2021, the detection rate of comorbidity of overweight and obesity with elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents in urban areas was higher than that in suburban counties, and the reporting rate of healthy lifestyle was lower than that in suburban counties ( P <0.05).Skipping breakfast ( OR =1.11，95% CI =1.07-1.16) and non daily moderate and high intensity physical activity( OR =1.27，95% CI =1.20-1.34) were positively correlated with the co-occurrence of overweight，obesity and elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Non daily moderate and high intensity physical activity ≥60 min was positively correlated with elevated blood pressure ( OR =1.11，95% CI =1.07-1.16), and insufficient sleep was positively correlated with overweight，obesity ( OR =1.04, 95% CI =1.01-1.06)（ P ＜0.05）.@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of overweight，obesity, elevated blood pressure and their co-occurrence among children and adolescents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is relatively high. Overweight/obesity is an important risk factor for elevated blood pressure, and unhealthy lifestyles are risk factors for co-occurrence of overweight，obesity and elevated blood pressure. Region specific lifestyle interventions are indispensable for the prevention and control of regional common comorbidities. Urban areas may be a key focus for lifestyle interventions.
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Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of Internet addiction and depression of students, and to analyze the co-occurrence and trend, so as to provide a theoretical basis for prevention and controlling measures of Internet addiction and depression.@*Methods@#A total of 6 317,7 152,81 808,71 180 and 89 932 students aged 10 to 24 years from 12 leagues (103 banners) in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were selected by stratified random cluster sampling in September each year from 2017 to 2021. The Internet Addiction Scale and the Central for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) was used to measure Internet addiction and depression. And the annual inspection rate, group difference and annual change trend in students were calculated. Multivariate linear regression and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to estimate the linear and non linear associations between Internet addiction and depression in students.@*Results@#The Internet addiction proportion in students gradually decreased from 4.1% in 2017 to 2.1% in 2020, but increased to 3.9% in 2021. And the depressive symptoms proportion increased from 20.9% in 2017 to 28.0% in 2020 and 27.0% in 2021. The detection rate of Internet addiction and depression comorbidities remained at 1.8% to 2.5 %. The Internet addiction proportion in boys was higher than that in girls( χ 2=42.82， P <0.05). The depressive symptoms prevalence in girls was higher than that in boys( χ 2= 553.90， P <0.05). Taking reversal in prevalence of Internet addiction in urban and rural areas was observed in 2019. The detection rates of depressive symptoms and comorbidity were higher in urban areas than these in suburban counties on the whole, and the difference showed a trend of decreasing or even equalizing year by year. Internet addiction was positively correlated with depressive symptoms score ( B=1.67, 95%CI =1.64-1.71), the proportion of depressive symptoms ( OR=1.39, 95%CI =1.38-1.41) and the proportion of major depressive symptoms ( OR=1.35, 95%CI =1.33-1.36) among students in 2021 ( P <0.05). An N-shaped curve was found in the significant nonlinear associations between internet addiction and depression across sex, region and school stage.@*Conclusion@#Internet addiction and depression in students show significant linear and non-linear associations, which are consistent in different sexes, regions and school stages. Therefore, relevant measures should be made and implemented in each region, especially in suburb areas, so as to prevent the increasingly development of adolescents and children s Internet addiction and depression.
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【Objective】 To detect and analyze the infection status of HBsAg non-reactive /HBV DNA reactive blood donors by individual donor-NAT (ID-NAT) and chemiluminescence technology, and to explore the feasibility and potential risks of reentry. 【Methods】 The blood screening results of blood donors in Wuhu from January 2018 to October 2021 were queried by blood station information management software. The blood donation information of all HBsAg non-reactive /HBV DNA reactive blood donors was collected and then recalled by telephone. After informed consent, samples were taken for HBV DNA nucleic acid single test, enzyme-linked immunoassay for HBsAg, chemiluminescence assay for HBV seromarkers(including HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe and anti-HBc), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) test. All the results were statistically analyzed. 【Results】 From January 2018 to October 2021, there were 142 051 donations, and the positive rate of sole HBV DNA was 0.06% (91/142 051), and 33 people (37 person-times) were successfully followed up. The yield rates of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc were 6.06% (2/33), 39.39% (13/33) and 96.97% (32/33), respectively; None HBeAg was yielded. After two times of ID-NAT, 8 patients remained non-reactive to both systems, with a negative conversion rate of 24.24% (8/33). Meanwhile, 25 patients were at least once reactive to ID-NAT, and 23 of them were occult HBV infection with serologically reactivity. There were 2(6.25%) patients with HBsAg positive conversion and HBV DNA persistent reactivity, which were window period infection. One person was confirmed as false reactivity (no HBV infection) as he remained unreactive to both repeated ID-NAT and serological tests. 【Conclusion】 Chemiluminescence assay is more sensitive than ELISA in detecting HBV serum markers, which is beneficial to early detection of HBV samples in window period. The yielding rate of anti-HBc among HBsAg non-reactive/HBV DNA reactive blood donors detected by blood screening in this region is very high, and most of them are occulting infection, so the ID-NAT should be no less than 2 times in the reentry strategy.
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BackgroundType 1 diabetes is caused by a chronic immune response that destroys islet beta cells， resulting in elevated blood glucose. Mesenchymal stem cells can prevent and treat the development of diabetes and its complications. However， little is known about the effects and potential mechanisms of Gingival mesenchymal stem cells （GMSCs） in preventing diabetes. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of GMSCs in preventing type 1 diabetes in mice and to find targets for clinical treatment of diabetes. MethodsWe injected human GMSCs into NOD mice to observe the trend of blood glucose， observed the survival of pancreatic β-cells by immunohistochemistry， and detected the change of immune cells in the spleen of mice by flow analysis. Finally， the immune cells in NOD mice were transfused into NOD-SCID mice to observe the onset of diabetes in NOD-SCID mice. ResultsGMSCs significantly reduced the incidence of diabetes in NOD mice， with 64% of control mice developing diabetes at 27 weeks of age compared with 35% in the GMSC group， P=0.013. The percentage of Follicular B cells（FO B cell） in the spleen of GMSCs-treated mice decreased from （52.2±4.1）% to （43.2±5.3）%， P=0.008， while other types of immune cells did not change significantly. The immunohistochemical results showed that GMSCs could effectively improve the survival of pancreatic β-cells， which could continuously produce insulin to control blood glucose. Finally， we found the spleen cells transfusion could prevent the development of diabetes in NOD-SCID mice. ConclusionGMSCs can reduce diabetes in mice by reducing FO B cells in the spleen.
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Abstract@#The prevalence of mental health problems in children and adolescents has been gradually increasing, which has become an important public health problem related to the future of the country and the nation. However, mental disorder rarely exists independently, and comorbidity often occurs, which brings great harm and burden to individuals, families and society. This study introduces the prevalence, burden, characteristics and manifestations of different types of comorbidity with mental disorders as the core. Then it explaines the main causes and mechanisms of comorbidity, and proposes future research directions.
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Objective:To investigate the inhibitory effect of specific inhibitor of necroptosis necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) on necroptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in rats with acute ocular hypertension.Methods:Twenty-four adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model control group, Nec-1 treatment group and negative control group by random number table method, with 6 rats in each group.High intraocular pressure (IOP)-induced ischemia and reperfusion model was established through anterior chamber irrigation of 0.9% sodium chloride solution in left eyes of the rats, raising the IOP to 110 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) for 60 minutes.Nec-1 (4 mmol/L, 2 μl) or dimethyl sulfoxide (2 μl) was intravitreally injected immediately in Nec-1 treatment group and negative control group following modeling, respectively, according to grouping.No intervention was administered to the normal control group.Paraffin sections of rat retinas of the left eyes in different groups were prepared seven days after modeling.The retinal structure was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the expression levels of thymocyte antigen-1 (Thy-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected via immunohistochemical staining.All animal experiments were approved by an Ethics Committee of Tianjin Union Medical Center (No.2017 Quick audit C01).Results:Seven days after modeling, compared with normal control group, the retinal nerve fiber layer was thinner in model control group and negative control group, and the RGCs were arranged loosely, and cells in the inner nuclear layer were reduced and arranged disorderly, and cells in the outer nuclear layer were normal or enlarged.Compared with model control group and negative control group, the nerve fiber layer was thickened and the number of RGCs was significantly increased in Nec-1 treatment group.The number of Thy-1-positive RGCs was decreased in model control group, negative control group and Nec-1 treatment group than normal control group, and there were more Thy-1-positive RGCs in Nec-1 treatment group than model control group and negative control group.The integrated absorbance ( A) value of GFAP protein in normal control group, model control group, negative control group and Nec-1 treatment group was 47.209±15.311, 116.220±18.194, 116.382±19.020, 92.818±10.236, respectively, showing statistically significant differences among them ( F=24.675, P<0.001). The integrated A value of GFAP protein was significantly increased in model control group, negative control group and Nec-1 treatment group than normal control group, and the integrated A value of GFAP protein in Nec-1 treatment group was lower than that in model control group and negative control group, with statistically significant differences (all at P<0.05). Conclusions:Nec-1 can promote RGCs survival by inhibiting the necroptosis of RGCs in rats with acute intraocular hypertension.
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ObjectiveTo clarify the spatial distribution characteristics of medicinal plant resources in Gansu province， analyze the causes， changing trends， and driving factors of the spatial differentiation， and thus lay a scientific basis for the rational development and sustainable development of medicinal plant resources in this province. MethodBased on the data of The Fourth National Survey of Chinese Medicine Resources， the richness and spatial distribution difference of medicinal plant resources in 87 counties （districts） of Gansu province were analyzed via the global spatial autocorrelation analysis， trend surface analysis， local spatial autocorrelation analysis， and hotspot analysis. Moreover， the correlation of vegetation type， soil texture， annual average temperature， annual average precipitation， and altitude with the spatial distribution pattern of the medicinal plant resources was discussed. ResultCounties （districts） with high or low richness of medicinal plant resources in Gansu province were respectively clustered together. To be specific， counties （districts） with high richness of the medicinal resources were mainly in southeastern Gansu， while those with low richness in northwestern Gansu. The leading driving factors affecting the cold and hot spots included vegetation type， soil texture， and average annual rainfall. ConclusionThe species richness of medicinal plant resources in Gansu province rises from west to east and from north to south. The natural driving factors are the key to the diversity and spatial distribution pattern of medicinal plant resources， which show significant influence on them.
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ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy and safety of Chinese medicinal mixture for dispelling stasis and resolving phlegm combined with western medicine in the treatment of epilepsy combined with cognitive impairment by randomized， double-blind， placebo-controlled， parallel-group trial. MethodA total of 123 inpatients and outpatients with epilepsy complicated with cognitive impairment admitted to the department of neurology at Longhua Hospital from October 2020 to October 2021 were randomly assigned into a control group （62 cases， carbamazepine + placebo） and a treatment group （61 cases， carbamazepine + Quyu Dingxian Zhengtong mixture） by random number table method. In the treatment group， 4 cases were exfoliated and eliminated. In the control group， 3 cases fell off. Finally， 57 cases in the treatment group and 59 cases in the control group were included. The total course of treatment for both groups was 12 weeks. The clinical efficacy， efficacy for traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndromes， and incidence of adverse reactions were compared between two groups. The changes of seizure frequency， abnormal rate of electroencephalogram （EEG）， cognitive function score， serum homocysteine （HCY）， folic acid， and vitamin B12 （B12） were measured and compared before and after treatment. ResultAfter 12 weeks of treatment， the treatment group had higher clinical efficacy ［92.98% （53/57） vs 79.66% （47/59）， χ2=4.327， P<0.05］ and efficacy for TCM syndromes ［96.49% （55/57） vs 84.75% （50/59）， χ2=4.660， P<0.05］ than the control group. The treatment group was superior to the control group in reducing the seizure frequency （Z=-3.938， P<0.01） and improving the Montreal cognitive assessment （MoCA） score （t=4.333， P<0.01） and mini-mental state examination （MMSE） score （t=9.531， P<0.01）. The variations in serum HCY， folic acid， and B12 in the treatment group were less than those in the control group （t=-7.233， t=-7.972， t=-6.871， P<0.01）. After treatment， the abnormal rate of EEG in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group （χ2=4.437， P<0.05）. The incidence of adverse reactions in the treatment group （1.75%， 1/57） was lower than that （13.56%， 8/59） in the control group （corrected χ2=4.116， P<0.05）. ConclusionChinese medicinal mixture for dispelling stasis and resolving phlegm in combination with western medicine had better efficacy and safety than western medicine alone in the treatment of epilepsy complicated with cognitive impairment. Specifically， the combination outperformed western medicine alone in terms of clinical efficacy， efficacy for TCM syndromes， reduction in seizure frequency， abnormal rate of EEG， adverse reactions， improvement of cognitive function， and variations in serum folic acid， B12， and HCY values. Chinese medicinal mixture for dispelling stasis and resolving phlegm may improve the clinical efficacy and safety by changing the metabolism of folic acid， B12， and HCY in serum of the patients with epilepsy complicated with cognitive impairment.
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Objective@#To analyze the association between the occurrence of menarche and the exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) in female Han nationality girls aged 9-18 in China, so as to provide a reference for the research on the disturbance mechanism of ALAN on puberty, as well as provide a scientific evidence for controlling ALAN and making public sanitary policy.@*Methods@#A total of 74 483 Han girls aged 9-18 with complete records of menarche, height, and weight were included in the 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health. Pearson correlation was used to explore the correlation between the incidence of menarche and the exposure to artificial light at night in 11-year-old Han girls, and the third quantiles of the area covered by outdoor night lights (0.16, 0.60) and the third quantiles of the average night light intensity [0.97, 5.91 nw/(sr ·cm) 2] were used respectively to divide the study subjects into 3 groups, and the multifactor Logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of artificial light at night exposure on menarche.@*Results@#In 2014, the median age of menarche of Chinese Han girls was 12.18 years old, and the incidence of menarche in the 11-year-old group was 26.31%. After controlling for body mass index, local population and the logarithmic values of per capita GDP, the incidence of menarche of 11-year-old Han girls was positively correlated with the local outdoor average night light coverage area ratio and the night average light intensity logarithmic adjustment value( r =0.29, 0.30, P <0.05).The higher the local outdoor night light coverage area ratio ( OR =1.28, 1.52) and the average night light intensity ( OR =1.47, 1.58), the higher the incidence of menarche in 11-year-old Han girls( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#There is a positive correlation between artificial light at night exposure and the menarche rate of 11-year-old Han girls. Research on artificial light at night exposure may provide scientific evidence on puberty onset and its effects on population health.
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The extent of spermatogenic impairment on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes and the risk of major birth defects have been little assessed. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between various spermatogenic conditions, sperm origin on ICSI outcomes, and major birth defects. A total of 934 infertile men attending the Center for Reproductive Medicine of Ren Ji Hospital (Shanghai, China) were classified into six groups: nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA; n = 84), extremely severe oligozoospermia (esOZ; n = 163), severe oligozoospermia (sOZ, n = 174), mild oligozoospermia (mOZ; n = 148), obstructive azoospermia (OAZ; n = 155), and normozoospermia (NZ; n = 210). Rates of fertilization, embryo cleavage, high-quality embryos, implantation, biochemical and clinical pregnancies, abortion, delivery, newborns, as well as major birth malformations, and other newborn outcomes were analyzed and compared among groups. The NOA group showed a statistically lower fertilization rate (68.2% vs esOZ 77.3%, sOZ 78.0%, mOZ 73.8%, OAZ 76.6%, and NZ 79.3%, all P < 0.05), but a significantly higher implantation rate (37.8%) than the groups esOZ (30.1%), sOZ (30.4%), mOZ (32.6%), and OAZ (31.0%) (all P < 0.05), which was similar to that of Group NZ (38.4%). However, there were no statistically significant differences in rates of embryo cleavage, high-quality embryos, biochemical and clinical pregnancies, abortions, deliveries, major birth malformations, and other newborn outcomes in the six groups. The results showed that NOA only negatively affects some embryological outcomes such as fertilization rate. There was no evidence of differences in other embryological and clinical outcomes with respect to sperm source or spermatogenic status. Spermatogenic failure and sperm origins do not impinge on the clinical outcomes in ICSI treatment.
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Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pregnancy , Azoospermia/therapy , China , Oligospermia/therapy , Pregnancy Rate , Retrospective Studies , Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic/methods , Sperm Retrieval , Spermatogenesis , SpermatozoaABSTRACT
【Objective】 To investigate the confirmatory status of HIV-1 antibody detection and Western blot (WB) test among voluntary blood donors in Wuhu, and to explore the strategies and methods to further ensure blood quality and safety. 【Methods】 Blood samples were preliminarily screened by ELISA and NAT, and the reactive samples were sent to Wuhu CDC for further WB test of HIV-1 antibody. The confirmation results of HIV-1 antibodies of voluntary blood donors in Wuhu in the past 10 years were retrospectively collected. The characteristics of WB bands of positive samples were analyzed, and the demographic characteristics of HIV-infected voluntary blood donors were sorted out. 【Results】 A total of 354 864 blood samples from voluntary blood donors in Wuhu during January 2011 to May 2021 were investigated, among which 42 were confirmed HIV positive (HIV-1 antibody positive in 41, and solo HIV-RNA reactive in 1), with a total HIV positive rate of 11.8/100 000(42/354 864). Statistical differences were found in gender [males 97.6% (41/42) vs females 2.4% (1/42)], marital status [unmarried 17.3/100 000 vs married 8.0/100 000] and occupation [staff/workers 37.5/100 000 vs students11.4/100 000 vs others 7.7/100 000]. Among the positive samples, the yield rate of WB bands gp160 was 100% (41/41), both gp41 and p24 were 97.6% (40/41),, and p55 was the lowest 46.3% (19/41). P51 and P66 presented the highest yield consistency (Kappa=1.000, P5 000 cps/mL by viral load (VL) testing, indicating HIV window period infection. 【Conclusion】 HIV infection statistically affected male donors more than females in Wuhu area, and most were early infection that revealed by WB band analysis. NAT plays an important role in the detection and confirmation of HIV infection during the window period, and is essential for blood safety.
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The cerebellum is conceptualized as a processor of complex movements and is also endowed with roles in cognitive and emotional behaviors. Although the axons of deep cerebellar nuclei are known to project to primary thalamic nuclei, macroscopic investigation of the characteristics of these projections, such as the spatial distribution of recipient zones, is lacking. Here, we studied the output of the cerebellar interposed nucleus (IpN) to the ventrolateral (VL) and centrolateral (CL) thalamic nuclei using electrophysiological recording in vivo and trans-synaptic viral tracing. We found that IpN stimulation induced mono-synaptic evoked potentials (EPs) in the VL but not the CL region. Furthermore, both the EPs induced by the IpN and the innervation of IpN projections displayed substantial heterogeneity across the VL region in three-dimensional space. These findings indicate that the recipient zones of IpN inputs vary between and within thalamic nuclei and may differentially control thalamo-cortical networks.
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Objective@#To investigate the association between the combined effect of height growth and overweight/obesity with elevated blood pressure in Chinese children.@*Methods@#Based on a cohort study of puberty development in Xiamen, a cluster sampling method was used to select 1 313 children whose complete height, weight and blood pressure levels at baseline were obtained in 2017 and during a follow up in 2019. The incidence of elevated blood pressure was compared between four different subgroups, and multivariate Logistic regression was performed to analyze the combined effect in boys and girls.@*Results@#Among 1 313 children, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure at baseline was 25.2%. After 2 years of follow up, the incidence of elevated blood pressure was 19.7% and 23.4% in boys, and 16.6% in girls. After adjusting for factors including age, sex, family history of hypertension, sleep time, intake of fruits, vegetables, sugar sweetened beverages, and meat products, multivariate Logistic regression analyses showed that children in the high height growth and overweight/obesity group were more likely to exhibit a higher incidence of elevated blood pressure (overall:RR=2.41，95%CI=1.44-4.04；boys：RR=2.69，95%CI=1.45-5.02). Among girls, the risk of elevated blood pressure in the low height growth and overweight/obesity group also increased significantly (RR=4.47, 95%CI=1.45-13.75).@*Conclusion@#A large magnitude of height growth and being overweight/obesity were associated with elevated blood pressure in children, especially boys. Therefore, interventions that are targeted toward obesity prevention in children before pubertal growth spurts in height may be beneficial to reduce childhood high blood pressure.
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Objective@#To analyze the cumulative effect of preadolescent lifestyles on the prevalence and incidence of elevated blood pressure (EBP) in children, and to provide evidence for early hypertensive intervention.@*Methods@#In 2017, a cohort study on pubertal development was conducted in Xiamen, Fujian Province. Participants underwent a physical examination and questionnaire survey. Between 2017 and 2019, this study carried out a 2-year follow-up of 1 316 students whose complete data were obtained. Preadolescent lifestyles were assessed by referring to baseline survey results obtained in 2017, and the prevalence and incidence of EBP were determined according to blood pressure levels that were determined in 2019. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence of healthy lifestyles on the prevalence and incidence of EBP after adjusted for confounding factors.@*Results@#The prevalence of EBP in 2017 and 2019 was 25.0% and 23.3%, respectively, and its incidence was 18.9% after the 2-year follow-up. Children with a healthy lifestyle had a lower prevalence and incidence of EBP. The regression analysis showed that children who have more healthy lifestyle factors were at a lower risk of EBP (P<0.05). Compared with students with 0-2 healthy lifestyle factors, the OR value of EBP prevalence was 0.52 (95% CI=0.30-0.90) and the RR value of EBP incidence was 0.60(95%CI=0.29-1.22) in children with 4-5 healthy lifestyle factors. Among them, children who were overweight or obese were at a significantly lower risk of EBP prevalence (OR=0.29, 95%CI=0.10-0.81).@*Conclusion@#Preadolescent lifestyles seemed to have a cumulative effect on the occurrence of EBP. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle had a positive effect on reducing the risk of EBP, particularly in overweight and obese children, and this was due to their adoption of a comprehensive healthy lifestyle.
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The cerebellum is conceptualized as a processor of complex movements and is also endowed with roles in cognitive and emotional behaviors. Although the axons of deep cerebellar nuclei are known to project to primary thalamic nuclei, macroscopic investigation of the characteristics of these projections, such as the spatial distribution of recipient zones, is lacking. Here, we studied the output of the cerebellar interposed nucleus (IpN) to the ventrolateral (VL) and centrolateral (CL) thalamic nuclei using electrophysiological recording in vivo and trans-synaptic viral tracing. We found that IpN stimulation induced mono-synaptic evoked potentials (EPs) in the VL but not the CL region. Furthermore, both the EPs induced by the IpN and the innervation of IpN projections displayed substantial heterogeneity across the VL region in three-dimensional space. These findings indicate that the recipient zones of IpN inputs vary between and within thalamic nuclei and may differentially control thalamo-cortical networks.
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Axons , Cerebellar Nuclei , Cerebellum , Thalamic NucleiABSTRACT
Objective To compare rotational techniques used by Chinese and world elite men’s shot put athletes, so as to provide scientific references for Chinese male shot putters to improve their sports performance and results in international competitions. Methods Three-dimensional (3D) kinematics data from Chinese male shot putters in actual competitions were obtained, and kinematic parameters of Chinese and world elite men’s shot put athletes were calculated and compared. Namely, shot velocities and hip-shoulder separation angles at five critical instants of rotational techniques: right foot off, left foot off, right foot touchdown, left foot touchdown and release, as well as phase durations and shot travel distances during four critical phases: first single support, air-born flight, second single support and final delivery. ResultsCompared with world elite athletes, Chinese male shot putters using rotational techniques had significantly lower vertical release velocity, longer air-borne duration, smaller hip-shoulder separation angles at left foot off and touchdown instant, and longer shot travel distance during air-borne flight, but shorter shot travel distance during final shot delivery. Conclusions The difference in lower extremity strength is a primary casue leading to different sports performance between Chinese and world elite male shot putters. The technique differences in Chinese and world elite male shot putters mainly lie in different phase timing and shot travel distances during different techinique phases.
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Salidroside (SAL), a major bioactive compound of Rhodiola crenulata, has significant anti-hypoxia effect, however, its underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. In order to explore the protective mechanism of SAL, the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) were measured to establish the PC12 cell hypoxic model. Cell staining and cell viability analyses were performed to evaluate the protective effects of SAL. The metabolomics and bioinformatics methods were used to explore the protective effects of salidroside under hypoxia condition. The metabolite-protein interaction networks were further established and the protein expression level was examined by Western blotting. The results showed that 59 endogenous metabolites changed and the expression of the hub proteins of CK2, p-PTEN/PTEN, PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, NF-κB p65 and Bcl-2 were increased, suggesting that SAL could increase the expression of CK2, which induced the phosphorylation and inactivation of PTEN, reduced the inhibitory effect on PI3K signaling pathways and activated the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB survival signaling pathway. Our study provided an important insight to reveal the protective molecular mechanism of SAL as a novel drug candidate.
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【Objective】 To analyze the HIV infection among voluntary blood donors in Wuhu area, so as to provide effective data for improving blood donation recruitment strategies and clinical safe blood use. 【Methods】 All reactive samples from HIV screening among voluntary blood donors in Wuhu from January 2017 to September 2020 were selected and sent to Wuhu CDC for confirmation test.The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the accuracy of enzyme-immune reagents. The optimal critical value of ELISA was used to analyze the setting of serological gray area. The preliminary screening S/CO values of confirmed positive, negative and indeterminate samples were compared, and the significance of differences were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 software. 【Results】 75 cases of initially HIV reactive samples were submitted for testing: 17 cases were confirmed positive, 17 indeterminate and 41 negative.The area under curve (AUC) of the 4th generation anti-HIV ELISA reagent was greater than that of the 3rd generation reagent, and the 4th generation reagent was better than the 3rd generation reagent in accuracy. All the 17 confirmed positive samples had high S/CO reactivity with duplicate reagents, and the initial screening S/CO value was significantly higher than that of confirmed negative and indeterminate samples (P0.05). 【Conclusion】 Voluntary blood donors in Wuhu is a middle-endemic population for HIV infection. The setting of grey areas for serological testing is of little significance. Blood safety should be further guaranteed through standardized pre-donation interventions, sensitive nucleic acid detection technologies and shared regional data platforms.
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PURPOSE@#To evaluate the impact of five different tooth preparation designs on the marginal and internal fit discrepancies of cobalt-chromium (CoCr) crowns produced by computer-aided designing (CAD) and selective laser melting (SLM) processes. @*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#Five preparation data were constructed, after which design crowns were obtained. Actual crowns were fabricated using an SLM process. After the data of actual crowns were obtained with structural light scanning, intaglio surfaces of the design crown and actual crown were virtually superimposed on the preparation. The fit-discrepancies were displayed with colors, while the root means square was calculated and analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s test or Kruskal-Wallis test (α =.05). @*RESULTS@#The marginal or internal color-coded images in the five design groups were not identical. The shoulder-lip and sharp line angle groups in the CAD or SLM process had larger marginal or internal fit discrepancies compared to other groups (P < .05). In the CAD process, the mean marginal and internal fit discrepancies were 10.0 to 24.2 µm and 29.6 to 31.4 µm, respectively. After the CAD and SLM processes, the mean marginal and internal fit discrepancies were 18.4 to 40.9 µm and 39.1 to 47.1 µm, respectively. The SLM process itself resulted in a positive increase of the marginal (6.0 – 16.7 µm) and internal (9.0 – 15.7 µm) fit discrepancies. @*CONCLUSION@#The CAD and SLM processes affected the fit of CoCr crowns and varied based on the preparation designs. Typically, the shoulder-lip and sharp line angle designs had a more significant effect on crown fit. However, the differences between the design groups were relatively small, especially when compared to fit discrepancies observed clinically.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Autoimmune diseases are a class of diseases that cause a strong immune response to the continuous lack of self-tissue-specific antigens in the thymus. Hypothyroidism and unstable expression of tissue-specific antigens in the thymus can limit the therapeutic effect. The thymus is mainly composed of thymic epithelial cells, but the limited number of mature thymic epithelial cells and thymic epithelial progenitor cells in the thymus has greatly limited related research. OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of autoimmune regulator (AIRE) when mouse embryonic stem cells were transformed into thymic epithelial progenitor cells. METHODS: A two-step differentiation method was used to induce the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into endoderm and then into thymic epithelial progenitor cells. The cells were collected at 0, 3, and 13 days of induced differentiation. Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, western blot and real-time PCR were used to detect the expression of cell-associated genes and proteins. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Positive expression of OCT4 and SSEA1 was detected by immunofluorescence at 0 day of induction. The double positive expression of SOX17 and FoxA2 was measured by immunofluorescence at 3 days of induction. The positive expression of EpCAM, K5 and K8 were analyzed by flow cytometry at 13 days of induction. During the directional differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells, real-time PCR indicated that the expression of PAX1, PAX9, FOXN1 and PLET1 showed an increasing trend. The expression of AIRE gene increased significantly at 0, 3, and 13 days of induction. At the same time, the expression of INS2 gene and GAD67 gene also increased. Western blot assay showed that the expression of AIRE protein gradually decreased at 0, 3, and 13 days of induction; however, insulin protein and GAD67 protein were not detected. Overall findings indicate that mouse embryonic stem cells can successfully differentiate into thymic epithelial progenitor cells with highly expressed AIRE gene, which promotes the expression of INS2 and GAD67 genes, and provides an evaluation basis for cell transplantation in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.